temperature

長(zhǎng)毛兔因汗腺出彩不發(fā)達(dá)，體表又有濃密的被毛，所以對(duì)環(huán)境溫度非常敏感。據(jù)試驗(yàn)，仔兔適溫度為30～35℃，幼兔為20～25℃，成年兔為15～20℃。建舍時(shí)要考慮環(huán)境溫度。長(zhǎng)毛兔對(duì)低溫有較強(qiáng)的耐受力，健康兔在-20～-39℃環(huán)境條件下仍能生存，不會(huì)凍死。不過(guò)為維持體溫，需消耗較多營(yíng)養(yǎng)，如不能滿足所需營(yíng)養(yǎng)，則對(duì)產(chǎn)毛和增重都有明顯影響。據(jù)試驗(yàn)，長(zhǎng)毛兔采毛前后對(duì)環(huán)境溫度的要求差別較大。采毛前因被毛長(zhǎng)密，體熱散失少；采毛后因體表毛短，體熱放散可增加30％以上。所以，寒冷季節(jié)采毛后建議做好保溫工作，以防感冒，但在采毛4周后，可保持環(huán)境溫度在5～15℃之間，以利促進(jìn)兔毛生長(zhǎng)；提高兔毛產(chǎn)量。

Long haired rabbits are very sensitive to environmental temperature due to their underdeveloped sweat glands and dense fur on their body surface. According to the experiment, the optimal temperature for young rabbits is 30-35 ℃, for young rabbits it is 20-25 ℃, and for adult rabbits it is 15-20 ℃. When building a building, environmental temperature should be considered. Long haired rabbits have strong tolerance to low temperatures, and healthy rabbits can still survive under environmental conditions of -20~-39 ℃ without freezing to death. However, in order to maintain body temperature, more nutrients need to be consumed. If the required nutrients cannot be met, it will have a significant impact on hair production and weight gain. According to experiments, there is a significant difference in the environmental temperature requirements of long haired rabbits before and after wool harvesting. Before picking hair, due to the dense and long coat, there is less heat loss from the body; After hair harvesting, the body heat dissipation can increase by more than 30% due to the short surface hair. So, insulation work must be done well after picking hair in the cold season to prevent colds. However, after 4 weeks of picking hair, the ambient temperature can be maintained between 5 and 15 ℃ to promote the growth of rabbit hair; Increase rabbit hair production.

濕度

humidity

長(zhǎng)毛兔性喜干燥環(huán)境，適宜的相對(duì)濕度為60％～65％，一般不應(yīng)低于55％或高于70％。高溫高濕和低溫高濕境對(duì)長(zhǎng)毛免有百害而無(wú)一利，既不利夏季散熱，也不利冬季溫，還容易感染體內(nèi)外寄生蟲(chóng)病等。據(jù)生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐表明，空氣濕度過(guò)大，常會(huì)導(dǎo)致籠舍潮濕不堪，污染被毛，影響兔毛質(zhì)量；有利于細(xì)菌、寄生蟲(chóng)繁殖，引起疥癬、濕疹蔓延。反之，兔舍空氣過(guò)于干燥，長(zhǎng)期濕度過(guò)低，同樣可導(dǎo)致被毛粗糙，兔毛質(zhì)量下降；引起呼吸道粘膜干裂，而招致細(xì)菌、病毒感染等。鑒于上述情況，兔舍內(nèi)濕度應(yīng)盡量保持穩(wěn)定。長(zhǎng)毛兔排出的糞尿、呼出的水蒸氣、沖洗地面的水分是導(dǎo)致兔舍濕度升高的主要原因。為降低舍內(nèi)的濕度，可以加強(qiáng)通風(fēng)，或撒生石灰、草木灰等，陰雨潮濕季節(jié)舍內(nèi)清掃時(shí)盡量用水沖洗。

Long haired rabbits prefer dry environments, with the most suitable relative humidity ranging from 60% to 65%. Generally, it should not be lower than 55% or higher than 70%. High temperature and high humidity, as well as low temperature and high humidity, are harmful to long hair without any benefits. They are not conducive to heat dissipation in summer or winter temperature, and are also prone to infection with parasitic diseases both inside and outside the body. According to production practice, excessive air humidity often leads to damp cages, contaminating the fur, and affecting the quality of rabbit hair; It is conducive to the reproduction of bacteria and parasites, causing the spread of scabies and eczema. On the contrary, if the air in the rabbit house is too dry and the humidity is too low for a long time, it can also lead to rough fur and a decrease in the quality of rabbit fur; Causing dry and cracked respiratory mucosa, leading to bacterial and viral infections. Given the above situation, the humidity inside the rabbit shed should be kept as stable as possible. The feces and urine excreted by the long haired rabbit, the exhaled water vapor, and the water washed from the ground are the main reasons for the increase in humidity in the rabbit house. To reduce the humidity inside the house, it is recommended to strengthen ventilation or sprinkle quicklime, plant ash, etc. During rainy and humid seasons, it is recommended to rinse the house with water as much as possible.

通風(fēng)

improve air circulation

通風(fēng)是調(diào)節(jié)兔舍溫濕度的好方法。通風(fēng)還可排除兔舍內(nèi)的污濁氣體、灰塵和過(guò)多的水氣，能有效地降低呼吸道疾病的發(fā)病率。長(zhǎng)毛免排出的糞尿及污染的墊草，在一定溫度條件下可分解散發(fā)出氨、硫化氫、二氧化碳等有害氣體。長(zhǎng)毛免是敏感性良好的動(dòng)物，對(duì)有害氣體的耐受量比其它動(dòng)物低，當(dāng)長(zhǎng)毛兔處于高濃度的有害氣體環(huán)境條件下，出彩易引起呼吸道疾病，加劇巴氏桿菌病、傳染性感冒等的蔓延。通風(fēng)方式，一般可分為自然通風(fēng)和機(jī)械通風(fēng)兩種。小型場(chǎng)常用自然通風(fēng)方式，利用門(mén)窗的空氣對(duì)流或屋頂?shù)呐艢饪缀瓦M(jìn)氣孔進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。大中型兔場(chǎng)常采用抽氣式或送氣式的機(jī)械通風(fēng)，這種方式多用于炎熱的夏季，是自然通風(fēng)的輔助形式。免舍內(nèi)的適宜風(fēng)速，夏季為0．4米／秒，冬季為0.1～0.2米／秒。應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是兔舍內(nèi)應(yīng)嚴(yán)防賊風(fēng)的侵襲。降低兔舍內(nèi)有害氣體的濃度，還可通過(guò)勤打掃、勤沖洗、加強(qiáng)通風(fēng)換氣來(lái)保持免舍內(nèi)的空氣新鮮。

Ventilation is a good way to regulate the temperature and humidity of rabbit houses. Ventilation can also remove the dirty gas, dust and excessive moisture in the rabbit house, which can effectively reduce the incidence rate of respiratory diseases. The feces and urine that long hair does not emit, as well as the contaminated mat grass, can decompose and emit harmful gases such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide under certain temperature conditions. Long haired rabbits are highly sensitive animals with lower tolerance to harmful gases than other animals. When exposed to high concentrations of harmful gases, they are highly susceptible to respiratory diseases, exacerbating the spread of pasteurellosis, infectious cold, and other diseases. Ventilation methods can generally be divided into two types: natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation. Small farms often use natural ventilation methods, which utilize air convection through doors and windows or adjust the exhaust and inlet holes on the roof. Large and medium-sized rabbit farms often use mechanical ventilation with suction or air supply, which is often used in hot summers and is an auxiliary form of natural ventilation. The suitable wind speed inside the shelter is 0.4 meters per second in summer and 0.1-0.2 meters per second in winter. It should be emphasized that the rabbit shed should be strictly guarded against the invasion of thieves' wind. Reducing the concentration of harmful gases in the rabbit shed can also be achieved by frequent cleaning, flushing, and strengthening ventilation to maintain fresh air in the shed.

光照

Illumination

光照對(duì)長(zhǎng)毛兔的生理機(jī)能有著重要調(diào)節(jié)作用。適宜的光照有助于增強(qiáng)長(zhǎng)毛兔的新陳代謝，增進(jìn)食欲，促進(jìn)鈣、磷的代謝作用；光照不足則可導(dǎo)致長(zhǎng)毛兔的性欲和受胎率下降。此外，光照還具有殺菌、保持兔舍干燥和預(yù)防疾病等作用。生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐表明，公母兔對(duì)光照要求是不同的。一般而言，繁殖母兔要求長(zhǎng)光照，以每天光照14～16小時(shí)為好，表現(xiàn)為受胎率高，產(chǎn)仔數(shù)多，可獲得佳的繁殖效果。種公兔在長(zhǎng)光照條件下，則精液質(zhì)量下降，而以每天光照10～12小時(shí)效果。目前，小型兔場(chǎng)一般采用自然光照，兔舍門(mén)窗的采光面積應(yīng)占地面的15％左右，但要避兔太陽(yáng)光的直接照射；大中型兔場(chǎng)，尤其是集約化兔場(chǎng)多采用人工光照或人工補(bǔ)充光照，光源以白熾燈光較好，每平方米地面3～4瓦，燈高一般離地面2～2．5米。

Light plays an important regulatory role in the physiological functions of long haired rabbits. Appropriate lighting helps to enhance the metabolism of long haired rabbits, enhance appetite, and promote the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus; Insufficient light can lead to a decrease in libido and conception rate in long haired rabbits. In addition, light also has functions such as sterilization, keeping the rabbit house dry, and preventing diseases. Production practice has shown that male and female rabbits have different lighting requirements. Generally speaking, breeding mother rabbits require long light exposure, preferably 14 to 16 hours of light per day. This is manifested by a high conception rate and a large number of offspring, which can achieve the best reproductive effect. Under long light conditions, the quality of semen in male rabbits decreases, and the best effect is to light for 10-12 hours per day. At present, small rabbit farms generally use natural lighting, and the lighting area of the rabbit house doors and windows should account for about 15% of the ground, but should avoid direct sunlight from the rabbit; Large and medium-sized rabbit farms, especially intensive rabbit farms, often use artificial lighting or artificial supplementary lighting. Incandescent lighting is the preferred light source, with 3-4 watts per square meter of ground and a lamp height of generally 2-2.5 meters above the ground.

噪聲

noise

噪聲是重要的環(huán)境因素之一。據(jù)試驗(yàn)，突然的噪聲可導(dǎo)致妊娠母兔流產(chǎn)，哺乳母兔拒絕哺乳，甚至殘食仔兔等嚴(yán)重后果。噪聲的來(lái)源主要有3方面：一是外界傳人的聲音；二是舍內(nèi)機(jī)械、操作產(chǎn)生的聲音；三是長(zhǎng)毛兔自身產(chǎn)生的采食、走動(dòng)和爭(zhēng)斗聲音。長(zhǎng)毛兔如遇突然的噪聲就會(huì)驚惶失措，亂蹦亂跳，蹬足嘶叫，導(dǎo)致食欲不振甚至死亡等。為了減少噪聲，興建兔舍一定要遠(yuǎn)離高噪音區(qū)，如公路、鐵路、工礦企業(yè)等，盡可能避免外界噪聲的干擾；飼養(yǎng)管理操作要輕、穩(wěn)，盡量保持兔舍的安靜。

Noise is one of the important environmental factors. According to experiments, sudden noise can lead to serious consequences such as miscarriage in pregnant rabbits, refusal of lactation by lactating rabbits, and even cannibalism of young rabbits. There are three main sources of noise: firstly, external transmitted sounds; The second is the sound generated by the machinery and operations inside the building; The third is the sound of feeding, walking, and fighting generated by the long haired rabbit itself. If a rabbit encounters sudden noise, it will panic, jump and jump randomly, pedal and hiss, leading to loss of appetite and even death. In order to reduce noise, when building rabbit houses, it is necessary to stay away from high noise areas such as highways, railways, industrial and mining enterprises, and try to avoid external noise interference as much as possible; The breeding management operation should be light and stable, and try to keep the rabbit house quiet as much as possible.

灰塵

dust

空氣中的灰塵主要有風(fēng)吹起的干燥塵土和飼養(yǎng)管理工作中產(chǎn)生的大量灰塵，如打掃地面、翻動(dòng)墊草、分發(fā)干草和飼料等。灰塵對(duì)長(zhǎng)毛兔的健康和兔毛質(zhì)量有著直接影響。灰塵降落到兔體體表，可與皮脂腺分泌物、兔毛、皮屑等粘混一起而妨礙皮膚的正常代謝，影響兔毛質(zhì)量；灰塵吸入體內(nèi)還可引起呼吸道疾病，如肺炎、支氣管炎等；灰塵還可吸附空氣中的水氣、有毒氣體和有害微生物，產(chǎn)生各種過(guò)敏反應(yīng)，甚至感染多種傳染性疾病。為了減少免舍空氣中的灰塵含量，應(yīng)注意飼養(yǎng)管理的操作程序，改粉料為顆料飼料，保證兔舍通風(fēng)性能良好。

The dust in the air mainly includes dry dust blown by the wind and a large amount of dust generated during breeding and management work, such as cleaning the ground, flipping grass mats, distributing hay and feed, etc. Dust has a direct impact on the health and hair quality of long haired rabbits. Dust falling on the surface of the rabbit body can mix with sebaceous gland secretions, rabbit hair, dander, etc., hindering normal skin metabolism and affecting the quality of rabbit hair; Dust inhalation into the body can also cause respiratory diseases, such as pneumonia and bronchitis; Dust can also adsorb moisture, toxic gases, and harmful microorganisms in the air, causing various allergic reactions and even infecting various infectious diseases. In order to reduce the dust content in the rabbit shed air, attention should be paid to the operating procedures of feeding management. It is best to change the powder feed to pellet feed to ensure good ventilation performance of the rabbit shed.

綠化

green

綠化具有明顯的調(diào)溫調(diào)濕、凈化空氣、防風(fēng)防沙和美化環(huán)境等重要作用。非常是闊葉樹(shù)，夏天能遮蔭，冬天可擋風(fēng)，具有改善免舍小氣候的重要作用。根據(jù)生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐，綠化工作搞得好的兔場(chǎng)，夏季可降溫3～5℃，相對(duì)濕度可提高20％～30％。種植草地可使空氣中的灰塵含量減少5％左右。因此，兔場(chǎng)四周應(yīng)盡可能種植防護(hù)林帶，場(chǎng)內(nèi)也應(yīng)大量植樹(shù)，一切空地均應(yīng)種核作物；牧草或綠化草地。

Greening plays an important role in regulating temperature and humidity, purifying air, preventing wind and sand, and beautifying the environment. Especially broad-leaved trees, which can provide shade in summer and prevent wind in winter, play an important role in improving the shelter microclimate. According to production practice, a well greened rabbit farm can cool down by 3-5 ℃ in summer and increase relative humidity by 20% to 30%. Planting grass can reduce the dust content in the air by about 5%. Therefore, protective forest belts should be planted around the rabbit farm as much as possible, and a large number of trees should be planted inside the farm. All open spaces should be planted with nuclear crops; Grass or green grassland.

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